In the fluid piping system, the valve is a control element, its main role is to isolate the equipment and piping system, regulate flow, prevent backflow, regulate and discharge pressure.

Valves can be used to control the flow of various types of fluids such as air, water, steam, various corrosive media, slurries, oils, liquid metals and radioactive media. Since the selection of the most suitable valve for the piping system seems to be very important, it becomes vital to understand the characteristics of the valve and the steps and basis for selecting the valve.

The classification of the valve

Valves can be divided into two main categories:

1. Automatic valves

Relying on the medium (liquid, gas) the ability to act on its own valves.

Such as check valves, safety valves, control valves, traps, pressure reducing valves.

2. Drive the valve

With manual, electric, hydraulic, pneumatic to manipulate the action of the valve.

Such as gate valves, globe valves, throttle valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, plug valves and so on.

According to the structural characteristics, according to the direction of the closing member relative to the valve seat movement can be divided into:

(1) Gate shape: the closing member moves along the center of the valve seat;

(2) Gate shape: the closing member moves along the center of the vertical valve seat;

(3) Plunger and ball: the closing member is a plunger or ball, rotating around its own centerline;

(4) Rotary opening shape: the closing member rotates around the axis outside the valve seat;

(5) Disc shape: the disc of the closing member, rotating around the axis inside the valve seat;

(6) Slide valve shape: the closing member slides in the direction perpendicular to the passage.

According to the use, according to the different uses of the valve can be divided into:
(1) Open and close with: used to connect or cut off the pipeline medium, such as globe valves, gate valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and so on.
(2) Check: used to prevent the medium backflow, such as check valves.
(3) Regulation: used to adjust the pressure and flow of the medium, such as regulating valves, pressure reducing valves.
(4) Distribution: used to change the direction of media flow, distribution of media, such as three-way plug, distribution valves, slide valves.
(5) Safety valve: in the medium pressure exceeds the specified value, used to discharge excess media, to ensure the safety of piping systems and equipment, such as safety valves, accident valves.
(6) Other special purposes: such as traps, air release valves, sewage valves, etc..
According to the drive mode, according to the different drive mode can be divided into:
(1) Manual: with the help of handwheels, handles, levers or sprockets, etc., there are manpower drive, transmission of large torque is equipped with worm gears, gears and other deceleration devices.
(2) Electric: with the help of motor or other electrical devices to drive.
(3) Hydraulic: with the help of (water, oil) to drive.
(4) Pneumatic: driven by compressed air.
According to the pressure, according to the nominal pressure of the valve can be divided into:
(1) Vacuum valves: absolute pressure <0.1Mpa that is, 760mm Hg high valves, usually mm Hg or mm water column pressure.
(2) Low-pressure valves: nominal pressure PN ≤ 1.6Mpa valves (including PN ≤ 1.6MPa steel valves)
(3) Medium pressure valve: nominal pressure PN2.5-6.4MPa valve.
(4) High-pressure valve: nominal pressure PN10.0-80.0MPa valve.
(5) Ultra-high pressure valve: nominal pressure PN ≥ 100.0MPa valve.
According to the temperature of the medium, according to the temperature of the medium when the valve works can be divided into:
(1) Ordinary valves: applicable to the medium temperature -40 ℃ ~ 425 ℃ valve.
(2) High-temperature valves: for media temperature 425 ℃ ~ 600 ℃ valve.
(3) Heat-resistant valves: for media temperature of 600 ℃ above the valve.
(4) Low-temperature valves: for media temperature -150 ℃ ~ -40 ℃ valve.
(5) Ultra-low temperature valves: for media temperature -150 ℃ below the valve.
According to the nominal diameter, according to the nominal diameter of the valve can be divided into:
(1) Small diameter valve: nominal diameter DN <40mm valve.
(2) Medium caliber valves: nominal diameter DN50 ~ 300mm valve.
(3) Large caliber valves: nominal diameter DN350 ~ 1200mm valve.
(4) Large caliber valves: nominal diameter DN ≥ 1400mm valve.
According to the way of connection with the pipeline, according to the valve and pipeline connection can be divided into:
(1) Flange connection valve: valve body with a flange, and the pipeline using flange connection valve.
(2) Threaded connection valve: valve body with internal or external threads, and the pipeline using threaded connection valve.
(3) Welded connection valve: valve body with weld, and the pipeline using welded connection valve.
(4) Hoop connection valve: the valve body with a clamp port, and the pipeline using the hoop connection valve.

(5) Ferrule connection valve: the use of ferrule and pipe connection valve.

The characteristics of the valve

Valve characteristics generally have two kinds of characteristics, the use of characteristics and structural characteristics.

1. The use of characteristics

It determines the main use of the valve performance and scope of use, belonging to the use of the valve characteristics:

• Valve category (closed-loop valves, regulating valves, safety valves, etc.);
  
• Product type (gate valve, globe valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, etc.);
  
• Materials of the main parts of the valve (valve body, valve cover, valve stem, valve flap, sealing surface);
  
• Valve transmission mode, etc.
  

2. Structural characteristics

It determines the valve installation, repair, maintenance and other methods of some structural characteristics, belonging to the structural characteristics:

• Valve structure length and overall height, and pipeline connection form (flange connection, threaded connection, clamped hoop connection, external threaded connection, welded end connection, etc.);
  
• The form of sealing surface (inlay ring, threaded ring, surfacing, spray welding, valve body body);
  
• The form of valve stem structure (rotating stem, lifting stem) and so on.

The selection of the steps and basis of the valve

1. Selection steps

(1) Clearly the use of the valve in the equipment or device to determine the working conditions of the valve: applicable media, operating pressure, operating temperature, etc..

(2) Determine the nominal diameter of the pipeline connected to the valve and connection: flange, threaded, welded, etc..

(3) Determine the way to operate the valve: manual, electric, electromagnetic, pneumatic or hydraulic, electrical linkage or electro-hydraulic linkage.

(4) According to the pipeline medium, working pressure, working temperature to determine the selected valve shell and inner parts of the material: gray cast iron, malleable cast iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless acid-resistant steel, copper alloy, etc..

(5) Select the type of valve: closed-circuit valves, regulating valves, safety valves and so on.

(6) Determine the type of valve: gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, throttle valves, safety valves, pressure reducing valves, steam traps, etc.

(7) Determine the parameters of the valve: for automatic valves, according to the different needs of the first to determine the allowable flow resistance, discharge capacity, back pressure, etc., and then determine the nominal diameter of the pipeline and the diameter of the valve seat hole.

(8) Determine the geometric parameters of the selected valve: structural length, flange connection form and size, open and close the valve after the height direction of the size, the size and number of bolt holes to connect, the entire valve dimensions, etc..

(9) The use of existing information: valve catalogs, valve product samples, etc. to select the appropriate valve products.

2. The basis for selecting the valve

In understanding the steps to master the selection of valves at the same time, should further understand the basis for selecting the valve.

(1) The purpose of the selected valve, the use of working conditions and manipulation control.

(2) The nature of the working medium: working pressure, working temperature, corrosive properties, whether it contains solid particles, whether the medium is toxic, whether it is flammable, explosive media, the viscosity of the medium and so on.

(3) The requirements of the valve fluid characteristics: flow resistance, discharge capacity, flow characteristics, sealing grade and so on.

(4) Installation size and size requirements: nominal diameter, connection with the pipeline and connection size, dimensions or weight limitations.

(5) Of the valve product reliability, service life and explosion-proof performance of electric devices and other additional requirements.

Attention should be paid when selecting parameters:

If the valve is to be used for control purposes, the following additional parameters must be determined: method of operation, the maximum and minimum flow requirements, the pressure drop in normal flow, the pressure drop when closed, the maximum and minimum inlet pressure of the valve.

According to the above selection of valves based on the basis and steps, reasonable and correct selection of valves must also be a detailed understanding of the internal structure of various types of valves, in order to be able to prioritize the selection of valves to make the right choice.

The final control of the pipeline is the valve. Valve opening and closing parts of the control of the medium in the pipeline beam way, the shape of the valve flow path so that the valve has a certain flow characteristics, in the selection of piping system is most suitable for the installation of the valve must take this into account.

Selection of valves should follow the principles:
(1) Shut-off and open medium with the valve
Flow path for the straight-through valve, its flow resistance is small, usually selected as a cut-off and open medium with the valve. Downward closing type valve (globe valve, plunger valve) due to its flow path zigzag, flow resistance is higher than other valves, so less selection. Allow a higher flow resistance of the occasion, you can choose to close the valve.
(2) Valves for flow control
Usually choose the valve that is easy to adjust the flow rate as the control flow rate. Downward closing type valves (such as globe valves) is suitable for this purpose, because its seat size is proportional to the stroke between the closing member. Rotary valves (plug valves, butterfly valves, ball valves) and flexure body type valves (clamp valves, diaphragm valves) can also be used for throttling control, but are usually only applicable within a limited range of valve sizes. Gate valve is a disc-shaped gate on the circular valve seat mouth to do cross-cutting movement, it is only close to the closing position, can better control the flow, so usually not used for flow control.
(3) Reversing and diverting valves
According to the need for commutation and diversion, this valve can have three or more channels. Plug valves and ball valves are more suitable for this purpose, therefore, most of the valves used for commutation of flow diversion are selected one of these valves. But in some cases, other types of valves, as long as the two or more valves properly connected to each other, can also be used for reversing the flow.
(4) Valves for media with suspended particles

When the medium with suspended particles, the most suitable for the use of its closure along the sealing surface of the sliding with the wiping effect of the valve. If the closing member of the seat of the back and forth movement is vertical, then it may be entrapped particles, so this valve unless the sealing surface material can allow embedded particles, otherwise only suitable for basic clean media. Ball valves and plug valves in the opening and closing process of the sealing surface are wiping effect, so it is suitable for use in the medium with suspended particles.

The valve selection instructions

1. Gate valve selection

In general, the gate valve should be preferred. In addition to the gate valve for steam, oil and other media, but also for the media containing granular solids and viscosity, and for the venting and low vacuum system valves. For media with solid particles, the gate valve body should be with one or two blow holes. For low-temperature media, should be used for low-temperature special gate valve.

2. Globe valve selection instructions

Globe valve is suitable for the fluid resistance requirements are not strict pipeline, that is, the pressure loss is not a big consideration, as well as high temperature, high pressure media pipeline or device, suitable for DN <200mm steam and other media pipeline; small valves can be used to select the globe valve, such as needle valves, instrumentation valves, sampling valves, manometer valves, etc.; Globe valve flow regulation or pressure adjustment, but the regulation of the accuracy of the requirements of the high, and the diameter of the pipeline and Comparison of hours, it is appropriate to use the globe valve or throttle valve; for highly toxic media, it is appropriate to use the bellows sealed globe valve; but the globe valve should not be used for viscosity of the medium and contain particles easy to precipitate the medium, but also should not be used as a bleeder valve and the valve of the low-vacuum system.

3. Ball valve selection instructions

Ball valves are suitable for low temperature, high pressure, viscosity of the medium. Most ball valves can be used in the medium with suspended solid particles, according to the material requirements of the seal can also be used for powdery and granular media; full-channel ball valves are not suitable for flow regulation, but suitable for the requirements of rapid opening and closing occasions, to facilitate the realization of the accident emergency cut off; usually in the sealing performance is strict, wear and tear, indentation of the channel, open and close quickly, high-pressure cut-off (differential pressure is large), low-noise, cavitation phenomenon, the operating torque is small, the fluid resistance. Torque is small, small fluid resistance in the pipeline, the recommended use of ball valves; ball valves are suitable for lightweight structure, low-pressure cut-off, corrosive media; ball valves or low-temperature, deep-cold media, the most ideal valve, low-temperature media piping systems and devices, it is appropriate to choose to add the bonnet of the low-temperature ball valves; selection of floating ball ball valves when the seat material should undertake the ball and the working medium of the load, the large-diameter ball valves need to be larger when operating Force, DN ≥ 200mm ball valve should be selected worm gear drive form; fixed ball valve for larger caliber and higher pressure occasions; in addition, for the process of highly toxic materials, combustible media pipeline ball valve, should have a fire prevention, anti-static structure.

4. Throttle valve selection instructions

Throttle valve is suitable for medium temperature is low, high pressure occasions, suitable for the need to regulate the flow and pressure of the parts, does not apply to viscosity and contain solid particles of the medium, should not be used as a partition valve.

5. Plug valve selection instructions

Plug valves are suitable for occasions requiring rapid opening and closing, generally not applicable to steam and higher temperature media, for lower temperature, viscosity of the media, but also applicable to the media with suspended particles.

6. Butterfly valve selection instructions

Butterfly valve is suitable for larger caliber (such as DN>600mm) and short structure length requirements, as well as the need for flow regulation and opening and closing requirements for rapid occasions, generally used for temperature ≤ 80 ℃, pressure ≤ 1.0MPa water, oil and compressed air and other media; due to the butterfly valve relative to the gate valve, the ball valve pressure loss is relatively large, the butterfly valve is suitable for pressure loss requirements are not stringent piping system.

7. Check valve selection instructions

Check valve is generally applicable to clean media, should not be used for solid particles and viscosity of the medium.

• When DN ≤ 40mm, it is appropriate to use lift check valve (only allowed to be installed in the horizontal pipeline);
  
• When DN = 50 ~ 400mm, it is appropriate to use the rotary lift check valve (in the horizontal and vertical pipeline can be installed, such as installation in the vertical pipeline, the media flow direction should be from the bottom up);
  
• When DN ≥ 450mm, it is appropriate to use buffer type check valve;
  
• When DN = 100 ~ 400mm can also choose to use the clamp type check valve;
  

Swing check valve can be made into a very high working pressure, PN can reach 42MPa, according to the shell and sealing material can be applied to any working medium and any working temperature range. The medium is water, steam, gas, corrosive media, oil, pharmaceuticals and so on. Medium working temperature range between -196 ~ 800 ℃.

8. Diaphragm valve selection instructions

Diaphragm valve is suitable for working temperature less than 200 ℃, pressure less than 1.0MPa oil, water, acidic media and media containing suspended solids, not for organic solvents and strong oxidizing agents media; abrasive particulate media should be selected weir diaphragm valve, weir diaphragm valve to refer to the flow characteristics of the table; viscous fluids, cement slurry, and precipitation media should be selected through the type of diaphragm valve; in addition to the specific requirements, diaphragm valve Should not be used for vacuum piping and vacuum equipment.

Valve applications, frequency of operation and service varies greatly, to control or eliminate even the slightest leakage, the most important, the most critical equipment is still the valve. Learning the proper selection of valves is critical.

What are the common faults and maintenance methods of corrosion-resistant self-priming pumps? As described below:

The pump head part of corrosion-resistant self-priming pump:

1. Most cases where the casing is electrified have water seal damage, causing water to seep into the motor through the shaft and deteriorate the insulation performance. This can be repaired by replacing the water seal or drying the motor.

2. Although the motor is running normally, the water output is low or not at all. In this case, the sealing of the pump must be checked first. When checking, first unplug the power plug, block the suction port with your hand, fill the pump with water, hold the mouth with your mouth and blow air inside with force, observe whether the pump head leaks water, that is, if the seal is damaged. Common faulty parts include the suction port gasket, outlet gasket, and impeller cover gasket, which should be replaced during maintenance.

Corrosion resistant self-priming pump motor part:

1. There is no response even after connecting the power supply. This situation is mostly caused by short circuits in the power plug, power outlet, and motor coil.

2. Difficult to start or unable to start, accompanied by a buzzing sound. During inspection, a small bamboo blade can be used to quickly move the wind shear in the driving direction. If the motor runs quickly, it indicates that the starting capacitor or starting coil is damaged. Please replace the capacitor with the same capacity or repair the starting winding. If it is a problem with the motor, it is mostly caused by mechanical failures of the motor and pump head, such as bearing damage, impeller adhesion, etc.

3. The motor can work, but the speed is slow and the casing is overheated, with a burnt smell. Most of them are caused by short circuits in the motor coils, and the motor needs to be disassembled. Depending on the damage, measures such as welding, jumper wires, isolation, and rewinding should be taken for repair.

4. There is loud noise and vibration during homework. In most cases, due to bearing damage or improper fitting between the bearing and the housing, the motor should be disassembled and inspected. If the bearing is damaged, it should be replaced.

There are many types of valves used in water treatment, such as: gate valves, globe valves, butterfly valves, check valves, plug valves, valves, safety valves, and pressure reducing valves.

1. Gate Valve

Usages:

This is the most commonly used on-off valve, which uses a gate (i.e., the opening and closing member, referred to as a or door in a gate valve, and the valve seat is referred to as a gate seat or door seat) to connect (fully open) and shut off ( closed) the medium in the pipeline. It is not allowed to be used as a throttle, and during use, it should avoid partially opening the gate because the of high-speed flowing media can accelerate the damage to the sealing surface. The gate moves up and down in a plane perpendicular to the centerline of the gate seat, like a door, to shut off the medium in the pipeline, hence it is called a gate valve.

Features:

1. Low fluid resistance. The internal medium passage of the valve body is straight, the medium flows in a straight line, and fluid resistance is small.
2. Less force required for opening and closing. Compared with globe valves, gate valves require less force to open and close because the gate perpendicular to the direction of the medium flow, whether opening or closing.
3. High height and long opening and closing time. The gate has a large travel distance and the lifting is done through a screw.
4. Water hammer is unlikely to occur. This is due to the long closing time.
5. The medium can in any direction on both sides, making it easy to install. The passages on both sides of the gate valve are symmetrical.
6. Short structural length (the between the two connection ends of the shell).
7. The sealing surface is prone to wear, affecting the service life. During opening and closing, the gate and valve seat's two sealing surfaces rub against each other, and under the action of medium pressure, they are prone to wear, affecting the sealing performance and shortening service life.
8. High price. There are many contact sealing surfaces, the processing is complex, especially the sealing surface on the gate seat is difficult to process and there are many parts.

2. Globe Valve

Usages:

The globe valve is a type of closed circuit valve that controls the opening and closing of pipelines by moving the valve disc (the closing element the globe valve) along the centerline of the valve seat passage. The globe valve is generally suitable for various pressures and temperatures within the specified standard range, for liquid and gas media, but it is not suitable for conveying liquids containing solid precipitates or crystalline substances. In low-pressure pipelines, globe valves can also be to regulate the flow of media in the pipeline. Due to structural limitations, the nominal diameter of globe valves is below 250mm. In pipelines with media pressure and higher flow velocity, the sealing surface will wear out quickly. Therefore, when flow regulation is required, a throttle valve must be used.

Features:

1. The wear and scratch of the sealing surface are not serious, so the work is more reliable and the service life is long.
2. The sealing surface area is small, the structure is simple, the working hours required to manufacture the sealing surface and the expensive materials required for the sealing ring are than those of the gate valve.
3. The valve disc travel is small when opening and closing, so the height of the globe valve is small. It is to operate.
4. The valve disc is moved by the screw thread, so there is no sudden opening and closing phenomenon, and it is not easy to cause "water hammer" phenomenon.
5. The opening and closing torque is large and it is laborious to open and close. When closing, the movement direction of valve disc is opposite to the direction of the medium movement pressure, so it is necessary to overcome the action force of the medium, thus the opening and closing torque large, which affects the application of large diameter globe valves.
6. The flow resistance is large. Among various shut-off valves, the flow resistance of the globe is the largest (the medium passage is more tortuous).
7. The structure is more complex.
8. The medium flow direction is unidirectional. It ensure that the medium flows from bottom to top.

3. Butterfly Valve

Usages:

A butterfly valve is a rotary valve that uses a disc-shaped (also known as a butterfly plate) closure member to open and close the passage rotating it 90° or approximately 90°. The movement of the butterfly valve's closure member has a wiping action, making most butterfly valves suitable media with suspended solid particles. There are two common types of butterfly valves: wafer type and flanged type. Wafer type butterfly valves are connected between two flanges using double-headed bolts, while flanged type butterfly valves have flanges on the valve itself, and are connected to the pipeline flanges using bolts.

Features:

1. Compact size, short length, simple structure, and light weight.
2. Easy operation, quick opening and closing, only need rotate the valve flap 90°.
3. Good sealing and regulating performance, using rubber as the sealing ring, with good compression and resilience (i., will not harden), so the sealing performance is good. The valve flap can perform sensitive flow control when opened from 15° to 70.
4. Small operating torque and fluid resistance. According to measurements, the fluid resistance of butterfly valves is less than that of other types of valves except ball.
5. Due to the limitations of the sealing material, the operating pressure and working temperature range of butterfly valves are relatively small.

4. Check Valve

Usages and Features:

A check valve, also known as a non-return valve, is a type of valve that prevents the backflow of media in pipelines. opens when the media flows in the forward direction and automatically closes when the media flows in the reverse direction. It is typically used in pipelines where media is not allowed flow in the opposite direction, to prevent damage to equipment and machinery from reverse flow. When a pump stops running, it prevents the rotation of the pump in the direction. In pipelines, check valves are often used in series with shut-off valves. This is because the seal of a check valve is relatively poor, and when media pressure is low, a small amount of media may leak, so a shut-off valve is needed to ensure the pipeline is closed. A foot valve is also type of check valve that must be submerged in water and is specifically installed at the front end of the suction pipe of a pump that cannot self-prime or does have a vacuum suction to draw water.

5. Cock Valve

Usages:

The plug valve refers to a type of valve where the closure member (a plug with a passage) rotates around the centerline of the valve to achieve opening or closing. It is widely used in pipelines conveying media with temperatures ≤120℃. Due to the thermal expansion of the plug and the body, it may cause jamming, so it is less used at high temperatures. The plug valve can be used to cut off the flow of media, and can also be used as a control valve, three-way valve, four-way valve, or distribution valve, as well as to change the direction of the media flow.

Features:

1. The resistance is relatively small when the medium passes through, especially for the straight-through type.
2. Simple structure, light weight, size, convenient and fast operation.
3. When there is considerable pressure of the medium in the pipeline, "water hammer" may occur due to rapid closure.
4. Turning the plug is laborious (large sealing surface).
5. Can be installed horizontally or vertically.
6. The cone surface in contact between the valve body the plug is large, which is prone to wear during use and affects the seal. If a sealed structure is adopted, injecting grease into the sealing surface to form oil film can improve the sealing performance.

6. Throttle Valve

Usages and Features:

The throttle valve regulates the flow and pressure of the pipeline medium by changing the cross-sectional area of the valve passage. The smaller the cross area, the greater the resistance to the medium, and the smaller the flow. In fact, all kinds of shut-off valves can regulate flow, but because the between the closure member and the valve stem is movable, there is a gap at the connection, so during the process of change, the rise and fall of the member is not easily proportional to the change in passage area, resulting in poor regulation performance. Therefore, a special throttle valve is used for regulation. The throttle valve be used as a shut-off valve, generally it does not have a sealing surface, even if it has a sealing surface, the sealing surface is quickly eroded the action of high-speed medium, losing its sealing property. Therefore, the throttle valve on the pipeline cannot replace the function of a shut-off valve.

7. Safety Valve

Usages and Features:

A safety valve is a protective valve. It is installed on pressurized equipment, containers, and pipelines. The safety valve remains closed under conditions. When the pressure of the medium in the protected pipeline exceeds the specified value, the valve disc automatically opens to discharge the excess medium, thereby reducing the; and when the medium pressure returns to within the specified range, it automatically closes. The safety valve ensures the safe operation of the system and equipment on the pipeline Safety valves are widely used on boilers, compressor air receivers, high-pressure containers, and pipelines where the working pressure of the medium may exceed the allowed value and cause hazards.

8. Pressure Reducing Valve

Usages and Features:

The pressure reducing valve reduces the pressure of the medium in the equipment container or pipeline to the specified pressure, and maintains the outlet pressure within a range despite changes in inlet pressure or outlet flow. The pressure reducing valve achieves pressure reduction by regulating the flow, making it suitable for the needs of various production processes.

The regulating valve is directly installed on the process pipeline, the use of poor conditions, such as high temperature and pressure, deep freezing, extremely toxic, flammable, explosive, easy to penetrate, easy to crystallize, strong corrosion and high viscosity, its quality directly affects the quality of the system. Thus affect the quality of the final product and the efficiency of the system operation. Problems can occur if not properly selected or maintained. For example, some regulating circuits are not stable: they oscillate all the time, and if the selection is improved, the quality of regulation is greatly improved after changing the linear characteristic spool to the logarithmic characteristic spool or changing the flow direction. For example, some continuous oscillations occur in the adjustment process, not because the proportion of the regulator is too large or too small, but because the dry friction of the valve stuffing box is too large, and the action is not flexible. For example, the leakage of the regulating valve will cause factory pollution and even cause accidents. Therefore, attention should be paid to the role of the regulating valve, and maintenance and maintenance should be strengthened. What are the problems with manual control?

Above is a schematic diagram of a manually controlled level. The liquid continuously flows through the inlet valve 2 into the storage tank 1, and continuously flows out through the outlet valve 4. We can see that the liquid level in the tank will fluctuate with the inflow or outflow. When the fluctuation is serious, the liquid in the tank may overflow or be evacuated. To solve this problem and keep the level within a certain range, the simplest way is to install a glass tube level gauge 3. With the upper and lower limits of the level gauge as the standard, when the liquid level rises to close to the upper limit scale, you can open the export valve, or close the inlet valve opening; When the liquid level drops to the lower limit scale, you can close the outlet valve or open the opening of the inlet valve, so as to avoid the tank overflow due to excessive liquid level, or because of the liquid level down and the evacuation of the accident occurred, so that the liquid level remains within a certain range. This process is directly controlled by people, so it is called manual control. It can be seen that manual control has at least the following problems and thus cannot meet the requirements of modern industry for process control. 1. Poor control accuracy. When the liquid level requirements are more accurate, that is, the upper and lower limits of the liquid level change range requirements are small, because of human reflection to manual operation there is a process, resulting in excessive liquid level control. 2. Slow response time. 3. Fatigue failure. 

The pneumatic regulating valve is to use compressed gas as the power source, the cylinder as the actuator, and drive the valve with the help of valve positioner, converter, solenoid valve, position valve, gas storage tank, gas filter and other accessories to realize the switching quantity or proportional adjustment, and receive the control signal of the industrial automation control system to complete the regulating pipeline. Medium: flow, pressure, temperature, liquid level and other process parameters. The characteristics of pneumatic regulating valves are simple control, fast response, and intrinsically safe, and there is no need to take additional explosion-proof measures.

The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC defines the control valve (known as Control Valve in foreign countries) as: "The terminal component formed by a power-operated device in the industrial process control system, which includes a valve body component. There is a component inside that changes the flow rate of the process, and the valve body component It is also connected with one or more executive agencies. The actuator is used to respond to the signals sent by the control. It can be seen that the regulating valve is composed of two parts: the actuator and the valve body parts, namely:

Regulating valve = actuator + valve body parts + accessories

Among them, the actuator is the propulsion device of the regulating valve, which generates a corresponding thrust according to the size of the signal pressure, so that the putter produces a corresponding displacement, thus driving the core action of the regulating valve; the valve body component is the regulating part of the regulating valve, which is directly in contact with the medium and changes the joints of the regulating valve through the displacement of the putter rod of the actuator. Flow area, to achieve the purpose of adjustment.

Butterfly valves provide an effective closing method for the switching and regulation of fluids. They are the successor to traditional gate valve technology, which is heavy and difficult to install and does not provide the tight shutoff performance needed to prevent leakage and increase productivity. The earliest use of butterfly valves dates back to the late 18th century and was improved in the 1950s to a smaller, lighter design that effectively solved the problem of leakage.

Emerson's Keystone brand developed the flexible seat butterfly valve family in the 1950s, a more compact, lighter design to meet user needs for leakage and safety challenges. Butterfly valve is mainly used in low pressure, low temperature environment to replace the gate valve, such as plant utilities, building HVAC and other industrial industries need bubble class sealing conditions. It features a rubber-lined, centering disc design, which means the disc and stem are centered on the body and pipe. Disc rotation 90 completes the full closed to full open travel and can be matched with manual, electric and pneumatic actuators. The actuator controls the valve plate action to limit or allow fluid to pass through the pipeline, and the user can adjust the flow of the pipeline medium through the control system.

In response to the sustainable development policies of today's society, we reduce the dependence on metal raw materials while being lightweight and able to apply in corrosion-resistant conditions such as construction equipment, transport and cargo containers, plastic or glass-steel pipelines, and purification, ozone or demining. Keystone has developed the CompoSeal series of composite valve products, elastic seat valves made of high quality engineered composite materials to provide good internal and external chemical corrosion resistance.

With the continuous development of rubber lining elastic seat butterfly valve, its application field is further expanded. End users are able to apply it to hotter, more corrosive applications such as mildly corrosive environments, food and beverage and hot air applications. Emerson's representative product, the Keystone F990 / 920 with TFE seat, is well suited to replace other types of valves in the food and beverage industry.

However, there is still a gap in this market. Customer demand for more efficient and safer butterfly valves is driving the need for metal seated valves with tight shutoff performance, which neither gate valves nor high-performance butterfly valves can meet.

To meet these customer needs, a new valve type - tri-eccentric butterfly valve was developed and introduced to the market. According to international standards, the Triple Eccentric Valve (TOV) is the first valve capable of achieving two-way zero leakage performance, achieving zero leakage tight shutdown through metal-to-metal torque sealing and angular travel non-frictional rotation. The tri-eccentric valve can be used in extreme temperature and pressure conditions, while providing zero leakage, metal sealing.

One of the challenges faced by customers using butterfly valves today is the compatibility of the materials used with the application conditions. To address this challenge, valve manufacturers are increasingly applying new advanced technologies to the coating of valve bodies and plates, enabling them to be used in aggressive media.
Butterfly valves are not recommended for applications where large pressure drops are required. In addition, because the butterfly valve plate is located in the flow path, it cannot be used in applications requiring straight line valves. They are suitable for regulating conditions, but not for conditions requiring minimal regulation.
Butterfly valves provide an effective closing method for the switching and regulation of fluids. They are the successor to traditional gate valve technology, which is heavy and difficult to install and does not provide the tight shutoff performance needed to prevent leakage and increase productivity. The earliest use of butterfly valves dates back to the late 18th century and was improved in the 1950s to a smaller, lighter design that effectively solved the problem of leakage.

Emerson's Keystone brand developed the flexible seat butterfly valve family in the 1950s, a more compact, lighter design to meet user needs for leakage and safety challenges. Butterfly valve is mainly used in low pressure, low temperature environment to replace the gate valve, such as plant utilities, building HVAC and other industrial industries need bubble class sealing conditions. It features a rubber-lined, centering disc design, which means the disc and stem are centered on the body and pipe. Disc rotation 90 completes the full closed to full open travel and can be matched with manual, electric and pneumatic actuators. The actuator controls the valve plate action to limit or allow fluid to pass through the pipeline, and the user can adjust the flow of the pipeline medium through the control system.

1、 Installation

1）. Preparation before installation:

Check valve parameters: Carefully verify the diameter, pressure range, spring pressure, and other parameters of the steam pressure reducing valve to ensure they match the selected data.

Cleaning the pipeline system: Before installation, the pipeline system needs to be thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities such as welding slag, debris, and oxide scale. A 100 mesh steam filter can be installed in front of the pressure reducing valve. The filter screen is made of corrosion-resistant double-layer stainless steel filter, and the filter head is installed on the side to avoid water accumulation.

Prepare installation tools and materials: Ensure that the necessary tools for installation are complete, such as wrenches, screwdrivers, etc., and prepare suitable connecting fittings, gaskets, and other materials.

2. Installation position and direction
Horizontal installation is preferred: Steam pressure reducing valves are generally recommended to be installed on horizontal pipelines, with the valve cover facing upwards for easy operation and maintenance. They should be installed in the direction of the arrow on the valve body, so that they are consistent with the direction of fluid flow and cannot be installed in reverse.

Attention to straight pipe section requirements: There should be a certain straight pipe section before and after the installation of the pressure reducing valve. The length of the straight pipe in front of the valve is about 600 millimeters, and the length of the straight pipe behind the valve is about 1000 millimeters.

3. Installation of supporting facilities

Install bypass valve: Install an adjustable steam shut-off valve on the bypass pipeline of the pressure reducing valve. The diameter of the bypass valve should be the same as that of the pressure reducing valve, and it should be installed on the top of the pressure reducing valve as much as possible to avoid corrosion caused by water accumulation. Installation pressure

Gauge and safety valve: Install a pressure gauge before and after the pressure reducing valve for pressure setting and monitoring. At the same time, a steam safety valve should be installed downstream of the pressure reducing valve. The set pressure of the safety valve should be higher than the upper deviation of the pressure reducing valve, but lower than the maximum pressure at which the equipment or control valve closes.
Installation of steam water separator and drain valve: Install a steam water separator or drain valve at the inlet of the pressure reducing valve to reduce and eliminate water hammer and erosion, or install a drain valve at the outlet of the pressure reducing valve.

4、 Maintenance
1). Daily maintenance to maintain cleanliness: Regularly clean the dust, oil stains, and other dirt on the surface of the pressure reducing valve to prevent impurities from entering the valve body and affecting its performance. Check the connection parts: Regularly check the connection parts between the pressure reducing valve and the pipeline for looseness, leakage, etc. If there are any problems, tighten or replace the seals in a timely manner. Observing the operating status: During operation, closely observe the working status of the pressure reducing valve, including whether the pressure regulation is stable, whether the valve action is flexible, etc. If there are any abnormalities, they should be dealt with in a timely manner.

2). Regular maintenance and inspection of filters: Regularly clean or replace the filter screen before the pressure reducing valve to prevent impurities from blocking the filter screen and affecting the filtration effect. Check the seals and springs: Every certain time, check whether the seals of the pressure reducing valve are worn or aged, and whether the springs are deformed or broken. If there are any problems, replace them in a timely manner. Calibration of pressure gauge: Regularly calibrate the pressure gauge before and after the pressure reducing valve to ensure accurate pressure display, in order to facilitate correct adjustment and monitoring of pressure.

3). Long term shutdown maintenance emptying pipeline: When the steam pressure reducing valve is not in use for a long time, the front and rear shut-off valves should be closed to empty the steam and condensate in the pipeline, to prevent water accumulation from corroding the valve components. Apply protective oil: Apply protective oil to the exposed machined surface of the pressure reducing valve to prevent rust and store it properly.

working principle:

1. Direct acting solenoid valve

Principle: When a normally closed direct acting solenoid valve is energized, the solenoid coil generates electromagnetic suction to lift the valve core, causing the sealing element on the valve core to leave the valve seat and open the valve; When the power is cut off, the electromagnetic force disappears, and the sealing element on the valve core is pressed against the valve seat by the spring force, causing the valve to close. Characteristics of the normally open type: It can work normally under vacuum, negative pressure, and zero pressure difference. The larger the valve diameter, the larger the volume and power of the electromagnetic head. The direct acting solenoid valve produced by our company with imported technology can be used for 1.33 × 10-4 Mpa vacuum.

2. Step by step direct acting solenoid valve (i.e. recoil type)

Principle: Its principle is a combination of direct action and pilot action. When powered on, the solenoid valve first opens the auxiliary valve. The lower chamber pressure of the main valve is greater than the upper chamber pressure, and the valve is opened by the simultaneous action of pressure difference and electromagnetic force; When the power is cut off, the auxiliary valve uses spring force or medium pressure to push the sealing element to close and move downwards to close the valve port. Characteristics: It can work reliably even at zero pressure difference or at a certain pressure. Generally, the working pressure difference does not exceed 0.6 MPa, but the electromagnetic head has a large power and volume, requiring vertical installation.

3. Pilot operated solenoid valve

Principle: When powered on, the electromagnetic force drives the pilot valve to open the pilot valve. The pressure in the upper chamber of the main valve rapidly decreases, forming a pressure difference in the upper and lower chambers of the main valve. With the help of the medium pressure, the main valve closing member moves upward, and the valve opens; When the power is cut off, the spring force closes the pilot valve, and the inlet medium pressure quickly enters the upper chamber of the main valve through the throttle hole, forming a pressure difference in the upper chamber and causing the main valve to close. Features: Small size, low power, but limited range of medium pressure difference, meeting the pressure difference condition (0.01MPa).

Electromagnetic valve is an industrial equipment controlled by electromagnetic force, used as an automation basic component for controlling fluids. It belongs to actuators and is not limited to hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Electromagnetic valves are widely used in many products due to their precision and flexibility in control. As a gatekeeper for circuit safety, the selection and application of solenoid valves should be safe and reliable. The required model and function of solenoid valves may vary in different control systems, so choose the appropriate solenoid valve based on practical requirements.

Four major selection principles

Security:
1. Corrosive media: Plastic king solenoid valves and all stainless steel (316) should be selected; For strongly corrosive media, use isolation membrane type. Neutral medium, copper alloy can also be used as the valve body material for solenoid valves. Ammonia valves cannot use copper materials.

2. High temperature steam medium: Stainless steel or cast steel valve bodies should be selected, and polytetrafluoroethylene seals should be used. Copper alloy valve bodies can also be used for ordinary high temperatures (below 180 degrees). High temperature (350 degrees) thermal oil and steam are sealed with hard seals and heat sinks are added.

3. Explosive environment: Choose products with corresponding explosion-proof levels, and choose waterproof and dustproof varieties for outdoor installation or dusty occasions.

4. The working pressure of the solenoid valve should exceed the high working pressure inside the pipe

Applicability：

1. The selection of electromagnetic coils for products with different medium temperatures will also vary (for example, high-temperature solenoid valves must be equipped with high-temperature coils), otherwise the coils will burn out, seriously affecting their lifespan.

2. Working pressure difference: Pilot operated solenoid valves can be selected for low working pressure differences above 0.03Mpa; Select direct acting or step-by-step direct acting solenoid valves for low working pressure differentials close to or less than zero.

3. Select the nominal diameter (DN) based on the flow rate and valve Kv value, or choose the same pipe inner diameter.

4. In environments with high relative humidity and water droplets and rain, waterproof solenoid valves should be selected.

5. The voltage specification should preferably use AC220V or DC24V.

The regulating valve positioner is the main accessory of the pneumatic actuator, which is used in conjunction with the pneumatic actuator to improve the position accuracy of the valve, overcome the influence of valve stem friction and medium imbalance force, and ensure that the valve is correctly positioned according to the signal from the regulator.

In the following situations, a locator should be equipped:
1. When the medium pressure is high and the pressure difference is large;
2. When the diameter of the regulating valve is large (DN>100); 3. High or low temperature regulating valve;
4. When it is necessary to increase the operating speed of the regulating valve;
5. When using standard signals and operating non-standard spring actuators (spring range outside 20-100KPa);
6. When used for split range control;
7. When the valve is operated in reverse (switching between gas closed and gas open);
8. When it is necessary to change the flow characteristics of the valve (the locator cam can be changed);
9. No spring execution
When the mechanism or piston actuator needs to achieve proportional action;

10. When using electrical signals to operate pneumatic actuators, it is necessary to use an electrical valve positioner.

Solenoid valve:
When the system needs to implement program control or two position control, an electromagnetic valve is required. When selecting solenoid valves, in addition to considering AC and DC power sources, voltage, and frequency, attention must be paid to the relationship between the type of action of the solenoid valve and the regulating valve. "Normally open" or "normally closed" types can be used.If it is required to increase the capacity of the solenoid valve to shorten the action time, two solenoid valves can be used in parallel or combined with a large capacity pneumatic relay as a pilot valve.

Pneumatic relay:
Pneumatic relay is a power amplifier that can send air pressure signals to distant places, eliminating hysteresis caused by extended signal pipelines. It is mainly used between field transmitters and regulating instruments in the central control room, or between regulators and field regulating valves. Another function is to amplify or reduce signals.

converter:
Transformers are divided into gas electric converters and electric gas converters, whose function is to achieve a certain relationship between gas and electrical signals and convert them into each other. They are mainly used to convert 0-10mA or 4-20mA electrical signals or 0-100KPa gas signals into 0-10mA or 4-20mA electrical signals when operating pneumatic actuators with electrical signals.

Air filter pressure reducing valve:
Air filter pressure reducing valve is an accessory in industrial automation instruments. Its main function is to filter and purify the compressed air from the air compressor and stabilize the pressure at the required value. It can be used as a gas supply source and stabilizing device for various pneumatic instruments, solenoid valves, cylinders, spraying equipment, and small pneumatic tools.

Self locking valve (retaining valve):
A self-locking valve is a device that maintains the valve position. When the air source fails, the pneumatic control valve can cut off the air source signal, keeping the pressure signal of the diaphragm chamber or cylinder in the state before the fault, so that the valve position is also maintained at the position before the fault, playing a protective role.

Valve position transmitter:
When the regulating valve is far away from the control room, in order to accurately understand the position of the valve switch without going to the site, a valve position transmitter should be equipped, which converts the displacement of the valve opening mechanism into an electrical signal according to a certain rule and sends it to the control room. This signal can be a continuous signal reflecting any opening of the valve, or it can be considered as the reverse action of the valve positioner.

Travel switch (feedback device):
The travel switch is a device that reflects the two extreme positions of the valve switch and sends out indication signals at the same time. The control room can use this signal to trip the valve switch status in order to take corresponding measures.